OxJournal is an academic platform for intellectually engaged young people. We publish high-quality, university-level research papers produced by 12-18 year olds under the supervision of an expert academic or researcher in their chosen field of study. We hope the papers published here will inspire you to further explore your own academic interests and potential.
Business, Economics & Finance
Defensive Economic Protectionism vs. Multilateral Trade: Navigating the Boundaries of the Rules-Based Global Order
Geopolitical rivalries and shortcomings in supply chains have forced countries to abandon global free trade for protectionist economics that clash directly with the WTO’s non-discrimination policies. Through case studies that investigate the consequences of both under-protectionism and over-protectionism, this paper explores the legal limits of state interventions.
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Weighting Protection: Do U.S. Tariffs Benefit American Workers on Net?
This paper argues that the costs of US tariffs to American consumers and businesses outweigh the benefits they provide to protected domestic industries and their workers, resulting in a small negative net effect on overall US economic welfare.
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Computer Science & Coding
Digital Twins: Concepts, Technologies, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions
Digital twin technology has emerged as a foundation for modern hybrid engineering, integrating physical assets with their virtual replicas through continuous, automated bidirectional data synchronisation. This paper explores the concepts, technologies, applications, challenges and future directions of digital twin technology.
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Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methods, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions
Explainability is a significant weakness of artificial intelligence. While modern AI delivers outstanding performance, its black box creates significant trust and safety difficulties for users. This paper provides an overview of explainable AI (XAI), a field dedicated to making AI decisions more transparent and interpretable.
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Engineering
Machines vs Doctors: How Well Can AI Detect Disease in Medical Scans Compared with Doctors?
Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used to analyse medical scans, detect signs of disease and flag suspicious findings. This paper examines how its performance compares with that of doctors and whether strong results from medical imaging studies are enough to justify its use in hospitals.
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How Can China’s Hainan Province Develop Sustainably Engineered Public Spaces to Help Combat the Effects of Climate Change?
China’s Hainan province faces harsh climate risks throughout the year that leaves citizens extremely vulnerable when visiting public spaces. This paper focuses on how to build spaces that can easily withstand climate challenges and can adapt to the needs of the many living on the island.
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Law
Greenwashing and the Law: A Comparative Analysis of the UK and the USA
Greenwashing can mislead consumers, reduce trust in environmental claims and manipulate purchasing decisions. This paper looks at the social and legal impact of greenwashing in the United States and the United Kingdom.
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Gateways to Justice: Assessing the Fitness, Reform and Reach of English Jurisdictional Rules
The expansion of cross-border commerce has made the question of when English courts may exercise jurisdiction over foreign defendants one of the most contested issues in private international law. This paper evaluates the English jurisdictional framework in three stages.
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Medicine
How Can Public Health Systems Consider Social Determinants to Prevent Chronic Illness More Effectively and Equitably By 2035?
Incorporating digital and more traditional practices, this paper examines how we can utilise social determinants of health in order to prevent chronic illnesses. It also examines how social determinants of health influence individual behaviour and choices that contribute to chronic disease risk and exposes the limitations of relying only on behavioural interventions.
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The Influence of Image-Based Social Media and Photo-Editing Tools on Anorexia Nervosa Risk and Symptomatology in Adolescent Females Aged 10-19
Social media and photo editing tools are becoming more prevalent. These tools have become helpful for connecting; however, they may also be linked to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN). This review analyses how social media and photo editing tools are associated with increased risk of AN in adolescent females between the ages of 10-19.
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Politics & International Relations
To What Extent Does the Strait of Malacca Give Southeast Asian States Disproportionate Geopolitical Influence?
The Strait of Malacca is one of the world’s most strategically important maritime chokepoints and influences the power exerted by Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. This paper examines the extent of how the Strait’s geographical and economic importance, security capacity, external assistance and relationships with major powers contribute to this influence.
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From Strategic Competition to Multiplexity: The Evolution of US-China Relations and the Transformation of the 21st Century International Order
This paper explores the evolution of the US-China dynamic and its overall impact on the 21st century international order. It investigates the growing tensions between the United States and China and whether or not it constitutes a “Second Cold War”.
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Psychology & Neuroscience
The Neuroscience of PTSD in Children
Post-traumatic stress disorder splits into subtypes that behave differently in youth than in adults. To understand why, this paper will turn to the two tools that dominate research into the neural side of paediatric PTSD: electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
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How Are Children Affected by Adverse Childhood Experiences and PTSD?
Childhood trauma profoundly affects future development and long-term health. This review asks: does acute versus chronic trauma in children produce distinct psychological outcomes, and does chronic trauma confer a greater risk of substance use disorders?
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